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#02 Plurilinguisme : de l'expérience multiculturelle à l'expérimentation
DOSSIER

Myriam Suchet

Quebec literature has much to offer to the French reader: not only is it pleasing to read, it also denaturalizes the linguistic bowl they/we live in. We will briefly explore three plays, that will lead from a spectacular performance of identity “en québécois” (Macbeth by Michel Garneau), to the subversive subduction of French beneath an English superstratum (The Dragonfly of Chicoutimi by Larry Tremblay), to conclude with the staging of a constitutive and polyphonic multitude (Yukonstyle by Sarah Berthiaume). Whereas plurilinguism might give the illusion of preserving a linguistic diversity as if tongues where autonomous and discrete entities, heterolingualism more radically questions the borders of what “a tongue” is. Can we substitute a heterolingual paradigm to the monolingual way of thinking? What is at stake does not concern solely the language: identity itself has to be renegotiated. In other terms, it is the goldfish as well as the bowl that has to be examined…


Mariana Bono

In language contact situations, circulating discourses about languages and their speakers and about language learning voice cultural and historical conceptions about language and throw light on the complex symbolic dimensions underlying all language learning activities. This article aims to explore such discursive manifestations by university students learning Spanish as L3. Firstly, we propose a theoretical overview in order to discern between what can be said to “belong to the self” and what is “foreign” when it comes to language learning in multilingual settings. We also deal with the notions of source and target: what is the initial learning stage when the learner already knows several languages? How do we define ultimate achievement in language learning? We then look into the ways in which the learners’ multilingualism is construed and how these discoursive constructions relate to their learning practices in the classroom. More specifically, personal narratives are analyzed in the search for words through which the learners come to terms with linguistic alterity and make a new language their own. Finally, we focus on translingual practices, which transcend language-specific boundaries and result in learning and communication strategies involving more than just the L1 and the L2.


Marie Rivière

Bien que remise en question depuis les années 1980, la notion de « langue maternelle » reste très utilisée dans les études de didactique des langues portant sur la lecture en langue étrangère. Souvent considérée comme la seule langue dans laquelle on a appris à lire, « la langue maternelle » serait celle qu’on lit le plus et le mieux, qu’on préfère à toutes les autres. Cet article confronte ces présupposés aux pratiques de lecture de livres de 24 adultes plurilingues vivant en Europe de l’Ouest. Il en ressort que, pour des raisons historiques, politiques et sociales dans un contexte donné, ou à cause de parcours scolaires, géographiques et affectifs individuels, des personnes n’ont pas été exclusivement – voire pas du tout – scolarisées dans leurs langues familiales. Par ailleurs, avoir appris à lire dans une langue ne garantit pas qu’elle restera la principale langue, ni la langue préférée de lecture tout au long de la vie.


Cyril Vettorato

Poets Amiri Baraka, Kamau Brathwaite and Abdias do Nascimento, all poetically active during the 1960s and 1970s, have attempted to create a poetic utopia, that of a cultural and linguistic reconnection with Africa. The language of the African “Other”, presented as an Inner Other, crystallizes their aspirations to return to lost cultures. The choice of an African language inserted in the English or Portuguese text therefore holds a symbolic significance: for Brathwaite, Akan is akin to a mask he wore during his stay in Ghana in order to become possessed again by his African ancestors; for Baraka, Swahili is the emblem of a strong-willed Afrocentrism influenced by the philosophy of Maulana Karenga; for Nascimento, finally, Yoruba is a dynamic matrix which manifests itself in  the words of Brazilian candomblé – a sign of a subterranean cultural continuity. This article looks at the respective poetic strategies developed by these poets in order to accomplish poetically the utopia of linguistic reconnection.


Manuel Meune

Wenn im Ausland auf die traditionelle Viersprachigkeit der Schweiz verwiesen wird, wird dabei oft die Koexistenz von standardisierten Sprachen und Dialekten vergessen. Die so genannte Diglossie, die vor allem für die Deutsch- und Italienischsprachigen zum Alltag gehört, existiert auch – allerdings in sehr abgeschwächter Form – im Falle des Französischen und der frankoprovenzalischen Dialekte (oft ‚patois‘ genannt). In der frankophonen Schweiz ist das Phänomen zwar kaum mehr sicht- und hörbar, doch in soziolinguistischer Perspektive verdient es durchaus Beachtung. Hier werden die Ergebnisse zweier Befragungen von Francoprovenzalisch-Sprechern im Kanton Freiburg vorgestellt – die eine basierte auf Interviews, die andere auf Fragebögen. Dabei werden vergangene und gegenwärtige Sprachgewohnheiten analysiert, ebenso wie die Vorstellungen über eine Sprache, deren Konturen manchmal schwer zu definieren sind, bzw. über deren Zukunft und Wiederbelebung in mündlicher und schriftlicher Form. Behandelt wird schliesslich auch die Wahrnehmung der Diglossie und der Mehrsprachigkeit in jenem offiziell zweisprachigen Kanton, wo die lokalen Dialekte, die schon 1886 in den Schulen verboten wurden, im deutschsprachigen Teil die Konkurrenz der Standardsprache überlebten, während sie im frankophonen Teil allmählich verschwanden.


Silvia Contarini

Questo articolo analizza le questioni di ordine linguistico poste dalla cosiddetta  letteratura italiana della migrazione, in particolare la questione della lingua « altra » e delle radici identitarie. L’articolo propone di fare il punto sui diversi approcci critici che sono stati sviluppati su questo soggetto complesso (approcci spesso situati a metà strada tra lettura sociologico-biografica e critica della ricezione), sfruttando un’ampia bibliografia. In tale ambito, l’autore nota gli stereotipi e le difficoltà concettuali di una critica che fa fatica a adottare la giusta prospettiva di fronte a un corpus per natura disuguale.


Stefano Colangelo

Cet article propose une esquisse de typologie du plurilinguisme poétique dans la modernité italienne, à travers des exemples tirés d’Alberto Savinio, Emilio Villa, Andrea Zanzotto et Patrizia Vicinelli, sur fond d'une scène culturelle bien complexe, changeante, et multilingue elle-même. Il s’agit de préciser les contours de certaines catégories à l’œuvre, inhérentes à la pratique du plurilinguisme et à l'histoire de la poétique : l'Inscape, d’origine hopkinsienne, l'optique plurilingue, la position du dialecte comme élément de poétique et le retour, enfin, au pouvoir de la voix comme racine germinale et finale du plurilinguisme.


Florence Courriol

L’articolo prende in esame il plurilinguismo letterario nella prosa italiana contemporanea dal punto di vista della sua traduzione in una cultura tendenzialmente « monolingue » - il francese. Il testo affronta la problematica dell’effetto di straniamento creato dal testo di partenza e, pertanto, della possibilità di ricreazione di tale scarto grazie all’uso delle parlate regionali francesi.



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